Beautiful jade Tibetan stone, lotus mud
Need to know the troubles, realize that Bodhi
The Chinese jade culture has a long history, and the jade carving theme is also extremely extensive. From astronomical geography and religious literature to flower and bird worms and beasts, it is all-encompassing. However, a large part of the works are related to the Buddhist theme. What is the reason? Today we will talk about some stories about jade carving and Buddhism.
The introduction and spread of Buddhism
The introduction of Buddhism from ancient India was the first time that large-scale foreign culture was imported into China in the history of Chinese and foreign cultures. After being introduced to China, it was once influenced by the exclusion of Confucianism and Taoism, which were based on orthodox culture. However, this kind of exclusion and shock has stimulated the development of Buddhism and accelerated the process of Buddhism's sinicization. With a flexible sense of self-regulation, it has invested in the beliefs and habits of the Chinese nation and spread widely according to the characteristics of Chinese culture.
After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the ruling class excavated grottoes, built temples, and sculptured Buddha statues all over the country. At the same time, according to the Chinese people's view of Shangyu, they used jade carvings of Buddha statues, flying heavens, and carving lotuses and sons related to Buddhist allusions. The image of the characters has prompted Buddhism to develop more and more in the direction of integration with the world. In the four hundred years from the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty in the style of jade statues, the ruling class used the jade as the Buddha statue to be innumerable. The folk believers could not afford the precious jade, that is, cheap white marble, etc. Color stone comes to Buddha statue, also known as jade Buddha.
After Buddhism was introduced to China, through the development of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Tang Dynasty had reached a very high level, and the style of respecting Buddhism was very strong. According to records, the earliest jade Buddha statue was the "Lion of the Lion Kingdom" in the Waguan Temple of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (the lion country is now Sri Lanka). During the Northern Dynasties, the carving of the Jade Buddha was prevailing. The rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Eastern Wei Dynasty, and the Northern Qi Dynasty ordered the jade sculpture to be large. Jade Buddha, placed in the temple to offer. The folks also use the jade incense burner to worship the Jade Buddha, and wear the jade carvings of Guanyin, Amitabha, hanging jade beads, jade bracelets, etc. as amulets to fight off the disease, expel ghosts and demon, make them healthy and longevity, and make jade as human and god. The intermediary of commitment between people is conveyed to the Buddha as a carrier of human emotions, wishes, and beliefs.
The relationship between Buddhism and jade
Compared with Buddhism, Confucianism is actively using the world. It is a philosophy to be treated as a king and a country. It emphasizes the principle of "the monarch and the minister, the father and the son". Therefore, it is reflected in the use of jade, Confucianism. It will form a set of jade system, and there is a saying that "the gentleman is better than the jade", which is the core of Chinese jade culture. Taoism pursues nature, pays attention to "natural", "everything is homogeneous", "people and Tao", and even "white feathering", so it reflects a series of "Jade jade body, funeral jade spirit" Concept.
However, Buddhism advocates that rarity and color are not the same, and that it is not a worldly glory. This makes it seem that Buddhism does not involve Yubao, and it has no connection with gold and silver. In fact, this should be a misunderstanding. Jingyun: "There is a good self-satisfaction with the light." This solemn phase is based on Buddhist thoughts. On the one hand, it is because of the fruit of the Buddha, on the other hand, it is also inseparable from the "seven treasures." In addition, the connection between Buddhism and Chinese jade culture, in addition to the Chinese people have always been good jade, is also closely related to Buddhism's emphasis on accumulating "goodness."
In addition, Buddhism advocates good people and can only enter the world of bliss after death. This bliss world is made of gold, silver, sapphire, agate, coral, amber, etc., which is the seven treasures of Buddhism, many of which are today's jade. Therefore, the formation of various Buddhist themes related to the Buddha, such as Guanyin, Maitreya Buddha, Sakyamuni, boy and so on, as well as lotus, Falun and other Buddhist sacred objects, these Buddhist themes express a variety of different meanings .
Buddhist elements have been widely used in jade carving, and the most widely used ones are Buddha and Guanyin. The most widely spread sentence in the jade carving culture is called “Men Dai Guanyin, Female Dai Buddhaâ€. In fact, it is the homonym “Men Dai Guanyin, Female Dai Fuâ€, which expresses people's yearning for a better life.
The role of jade culture in the process of Buddhist localization
It is generally believed that the introduction of Buddhism into China was in the Western Han Dynasty. After centuries of dissemination and development, Buddhism and Chinese culture were closely combined to form the special spiritual face of Chinese Buddhism, namely Chinese Buddhism. With the exchange of Chinese culture and friendly neighbors, it has spread to North Korea, Japan, Vietnam and other regions. This Buddhist cultural exchange plays a role in linking Chinese and foreign national cultural ties.
Religion is one of social ideologies. It has many connections with literature, art (including music, architecture, sculpture) philosophy. In the process of the development of religion itself, it is constantly affected by the above factors, and it is constantly affecting these factors. To study religion, we must have the cooperation of many disciplines to inspire each other and learn from each other. After the introduction of Buddhism from India into China, on the soil of Chinese feudal society, it formed a religious system with ethnic characteristics, showing the meteorological and traits of China, and thus becoming a component of the superstructure of Chinese feudal society and ancient Chinese ideology and culture. The important content has always affected today.
Jade serves the religion with its unique economic value and aesthetic value. It not only provides an artistic image and image for the creation of religious consciousness, but also provides concrete material conditions and expressions for the implementation of religious practice activities. In the formation and development of religion, the role played by jade is comprehensive and huge. The influence of jade, the composition and expression of religious consciousness, the place of religious activities, the implementation of etiquette, etc. are all inconceivable.
The essence of Buddha statue jade carving art
Among the Buddhist jade carvings, the most common one is the Guanyin. The Guanyin heart is soft, the manners are dignified, the world is clear, the security is safe, the disaster is solved, and the disaster is solved. The great compassion and compassion are the incarnation of the rescue. In "The Big Buddha's First Strict Yan Jing Miao Xin Shu", the world's Guanyin is the body of Guanyin rather than the truth. There are thirty-two and thirty-three in the Guanyin. Although Guanyin is a thirty-two phase, no matter which jade carving Guanyin, it must conform to the important characteristics of Guanyin in people's minds, that is, dignified and kind.
Luohan is also one of the important categories of Buddha statues. Luo Han was the highest fruit of the Buddha's disciples. The image of Luohan is generally a monk, and the head does not need to be hair, dressed in a shackle, without any decoration, sitting or standing, lifelike. It is the most unpretentious symbol of all kinds of Buddhist art.
The Buddha statue should pay attention to the beauty in the creation of jade carving. However, this beauty is the beauty of the dust, the solemnity and compassion of the heart, and the joy of heart. This is the essence of the Buddha statue jade carving art.
Buddhist art has greatly influenced the art of jade carving and greatly promoted the development of jade carving art. We can see from another aspect that jade carving art is a relatively inclusive art category, especially in dealing with foreign culture and other art categories, absorbing and innovating, and constantly developing.
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