Author: Yan Jingsheng
Land of Barbarians: Britons, Celts and Germans
In 117 AD, when the ninth "Spanish" legion of the Roman Empire suppressed an unobtrusive small uprising in the northern tribes of Britain, the whole disappeared. At that time, the Roman Empire had only four military corps in the entire British Isles, and now it lost one quarter of its troops. The Emperor Hadrian felt that this matter was no small matter, so he personally went to the British Isles in 122 years and inspected the northern front.
Under Hadrian’s orders, Roman soldiers built a 75-mile (117.5-kilometer) Great Wall to defend against the invasion of the northern Celtic tribe. A total of 17 fortresses were built along the Great Wall, and each fortress contained enough food for one year. This Great Wall is very close to the dividing line between England and Scotland today, but it is slightly southward. The south of the Great Wall is the Britannia of the Roman Empire, and the land to the north is called "Caledonia", which is today's Scotland.
After the death of Emperor Hadrian, the successor Anthony Emperor pushed the border northward for about 160 kilometers and built a new Great Wall in Scotland, known as the "Anthony Great Wall." However, the local Celtic tribe continued to attack, and the British Roman army was unable to maintain this new fortification. After the emperor Marco Ori’s reign in 164, the "Anthony Great Wall" was abandoned by the Roman legion, and the Hadrian Great Wall re-emerged as the south. The dividing line between "peace under Roman rule" and the "lawless world of savage" in the north.
After the decline of the Roman Empire, the tribes from the north invaded Britain again and again, and even reached the city of London. In 407, a general named Constantine took the British Corps to the mainland in an attempt to compete for the throne. Since then, the Roman army has never returned to the British Isles. The Romanized Britons on the island rushed to organize their own governing bodies and defenses to defend against the northern compatriots who had never been conquered by Rome. A new enemy emerged around 450 years ago: Anglos, Saxons and Jutes from the Elbe estuary and the southern coast of Denmark. The three Germanic tribes landed and settled on the British Isles, plundering the Britons as slaves, and on the other hand, they were mixed with each other and formed a variety of bloody combinations that eventually merged into a unified national group: Anglo - Saxon.
By the seventh century AD, seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were formed in the central and southern parts of the British Isles: Northumbria, Messia, East Anglia, Essex, Sussex, Wessex and Kent. After hundreds of years of war and annexation, marriage and inheritance - the mass intrusion of the Danes in the middle, the kingdom of Wessex in the south has gradually grown stronger. In 973, after the Danish forces were completely expelled and the "Denmark" of the central part of the British Isles was annexed, the King Edgar of the Kingdom of Wessex held a grand ceremony in Bath, a spa resort left by the ancient Romans. The coronation ceremony, later generations believe that this marks the birth of the unified Kingdom of England.
The British who refused to succumb to the Anglo-Saxon rule gradually retreated to the west, southwest, and north of the British Isles. The former two merged with the aborigines to form the later Welsh and Cornish. The Britons who retreated northward came to the area north of the Great Wall of Hadrian, and merged with the Picts of the Celtic in the north, slowly forming the Scots of later generations. Around 840 AD, Kenneth McAlbin became the most powerful leader in the southern part of Scotland. In 847 he crowned the Scottish King on a square large stone (Scairstone), creating the first dynasty of Scotland, the Albanian dynasty. But compared to the Kingdom of England in the South, the Scottish Kingdom at this time is more like an aggregate of multiple tribes. It was not until the eleventh century that Scotland evolved into a feudal state like England.
In 1018, the Kingdom of Scotland defeated the kingdom of Northumbria and captured the Lothian region in the north. This move is of great significance to the development of later generations in Scotland: this not only fixes the border between England and Scotland in today's position, but also makes Scotland no longer a pure Celtic country. The Anglos have been living in the Lothian area for hundreds of years, and when they were incorporated into Scotland, they became the most fertile and economically developed part of the entire kingdom, and Scotland's capital, Edinburgh, is also located here. Because of these important positions, the language used by the Anglos, a Germanic language that is very similar to English, began to spread in southern Scotland and evolved into today's Scots. After the annexation of the Lothian region in Scotland, it began to be influenced by the feudal forces of the South, gradually forming a vassal group, which has close ties with the English aristocracy and has a large number of real estate in both countries. Robert Bruce has 90,000 acres in Yorkshire, and his political opponent, John Barry, owns land in England and Normandy.
Brave Heart: The Independent Struggle of the Kingdom of Scotland
In the two hundred years after the Norman invasion of Britain in 1066, the relationship between England and Scotland was basically friendly, only occasionally interrupted by Scotland's interference in England's internal affairs. There is a large desert swamp between the two countries to prevent their mutual aggression. Scotland is poorer than England, it is farther away from the commercial centres of Europe, and there are large, sparsely populated tribal areas in the west and north. The royal family of England and Scotland often marry, and the British princess who married in Edinburgh spread the European aristocratic culture to Scotland.
After the death of King Alexander III of the last king of the Albanian and his young daughter, more than a dozen Scottish aristocrats began to fight for the throne. Most of these princes owned land in both the UK and the Soviet Union, so they asked King Edward I of England to arbitrate. Edward supported John Barry's request and declared himself the sovereign of Scotland. But the Scottish aristocracy immediately formed a 12-member council, which basically emptied John's power and sought out allies.
In 1295, the Scottish aristocratic representative secretly signed an alliance treaty with France, the "Auld Alliance." In the following year, Edward I dethroned Barry, let the Scottish aristocrats pledge allegiance to him, and transported the "Skangshi" crowned by the King of Scotland to London. In 1297, a small nobleman, William Wallace, launched a rebellion and summoned an army of peasants and citizens to defeat the British in the Battle of Stirling. In 1298, Edward led the army and completely smashed the Scottish resistance in the Falkirk battle. For the next ten years, Scotland was almost completely annexed by England.
After the death of Edward I in 1307, Robert Bruce re-initiated the anti-British war and was recognized by the Scottish aristocrats as the new king. In 1314, Bruce defeated the British in the Battle of Bannock, and Scotland regained independence. But after the death of Robert Bruce, King Edward III supported the throne of the throne, Edward Barry, and re-invaded Scotland. The 10-year-old King David II of Scotland and the 12-year-old King Joan (the younger sister of Edward III) Forced to go into exile in France. However, shortly after the start of the British-French Hundred Years War, the British King had to repatriate the main force from Scotland and use all his financial resources for the war against France, and the control of Scotland was gradually weakened. In 1357, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union signed a peace treaty. England recognized David II as the King of Scotland on the condition that the other party paid a high ransom.
The Scottish War was the last medieval war in the United Kingdom. It was a simple war of aggression against land. The purpose of the war was to expand the territory of the king and the princes. But the Hundred Years' War is a new type of war: although it is still a medieval conquest war, the real goal of war is business: Scotland is of no importance to business in England, but is very important to English business. Both areas are in France, one is the Flemish region of the wool industry centre, and the other is the Gascogne region, which produces wine, salt and iron.
The Hundred Years War reflects the rise of British commercial capital, while the Scottish War reflects the stagnation of Scotland. Since England has no longer attempted to conquer Scotland, the two sides are still engaged in long-term irregular wars. This kind of war turned the vast area on both sides of the British-Soviet border into a wilderness, which made the development of Scottish industry and commerce tend to stop. When the medieval feudal system of England fell sharply during the Hundred Years' War, Scotland still could not escape the influence of feudal aristocracy.
Unjoined: the marriage of the Tudor dynasty and the Stuart dynasty
After the death of David II in 1371, his nephew Robert Stuart succeeded to create the longest Stuart dynasty in the Scottish dynasty. The surname of Stuart comes from a hereditary aristocratic position in Scotland - "High Stewart". This is a great aristocrat with power and kings. There are many such great aristocrats in Scotland, such as the "Hall Douglas Family" (the Duke of Hamilton, Scotland's largest aristocrat, is the descendant of this family).
The Stuart dynasty monarchs have tried to weaken the power of the nobility and strengthen the kingship, but often ended in failure. One of the main reasons is that most of the kings of the Stuart dynasty were young and enthroned: James I was 12 years old, James II was 7 years old, James III was nine years old, James IV was 15 years old, James V and James VI were both When I was 1 year old, I became a king. It is necessary for the Queen Mother and the great aristocrats to form a regent meeting to act as a king.
In addition to the nobility, the Scottish Presbyterian Church is also a powerful and supreme inquisition. The status is somewhat similar to that of the English Parliament, but it often conflicts with the King. In England, the religious reforms of the Tudor dynasty Henry VIII made the church affiliated with the state, while in Scotland, sometimes the state seemed to be wholly affiliated with the church.
On the diplomatic front, the Kingdom of Scotland continued its "old alliance" with France, but the king and the great nobility often married England. James I married the daughter of the Earl of Somerset, the daughter of the British aristocracy. James IV married the daughter of the King Henry VII, Margaret. The sons of the two, James V and his descendants, owned England. The succession to the throne.
James V died in 1542. Although he has several illegitimate children, the legal child is only Mary Stuart who was born a week before his death. After hearing about the news, James V, who had died, said: "Because girls come from girls," meaning that the Stuart family's throne comes from the daughter of Robert Bruce, and will also be his own The daughter gave it to others.
Under the arrangement of King Henry VIII, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union signed the "Greenwich Treaty" in 1543, stipulating that Mary will marry the British Prince Edward - that is, Edward VI, England and Scotland will form an alliance. If the two have no descendants, the alliance will naturally disintegrate. But the Scottish Church refused to ratify the treaty, so Henry VIII fought in Scotland, and the Duke of Somerset led the army to attack Edinburgh, trying to catch Mary. The 5-year-old Mary was first hidden in the secret room of Stirling Castle and then rushed to France, where she was engaged to the 3-year-old French king, Francois.
Whether in history or in the British drama "Tudor Dynasty", Henry VIII is a tyrant who is uncompromising, but it is his actions that made the Tudor dynasty and the Stuart dynasty realized in the future. "Dynasties Union."
For the next ten years, the Queen of Scotland, Queen Mary de Gies, ruled Scotland with the help of a French army, like a province in France. Catholics in Scotland embraced French rule, and Protestants gradually took a pro-British position - how the Protestantism in England favored the aristocracy, and many Scottish nobles had the opportunity to observe it, so they joined Protestantism. In 1559, a civil war broke out in Scotland. In the following year, the Protestant Scottish aristocrats used the help of the British Army and Navy to drive out the French army and set the Protestant Church as the Scottish state religion.
François François died in 1560, and the widowed Queen Mary (the five-year-old Mary Stuart who was sent to France) then returned to Scotland and married her cousin Henry Stuart. In 1566 he gave birth to the successor James VI. However, in the second year she was dethroned for being suspected of murdering her husband with her lover. She was forced to flee to England and left her only child to a group of Scottish Protestant nobles. Queen Elizabeth I was Mary's cousin. She was afraid of Mary's appeal in Catholics and her qualification to inherit the throne of England. According to the provisions of the Roman Catholic Church, Elizabeth was born after the divorce of Henry VIII and the second wife. The illegitimate daughter, who imprisoned Mary for 18 years, eventually executed it as a "treason."
In 1603, Queen Elizabeth died, and the direct bloody blood of the Tudor dynasty ended. Since Henry VIII executed a large number of nobles with royal blood, there were only two legal male heirs left, one was King James VI of Scotland, and his mother was the hero of the King Henry VII Margaret and The granddaughter of James IV; the other is Edward Seymour, the son of Earl of Hertford, whose mother is the granddaughter of Henry VII and the Duke of Suffolk. Although Henry VIII stipulated in the will that Elizabeth's heir was the Duke of Suffolk, Elizabeth insisted on the principle of being young and young, and appointed James VI, who believes in Protestantism, as his heir. James ruled a very poor country. He didn't have much money on his own. Therefore, he had been coveted by the rich England, so even after Elizabeth executed his mother, he only slightly protested.
In April 1603, after a series of intense political struggles and bargaining, King James VI of Scotland was ushered in by the English Parliament as King James I. He got up and left the Holy Cross in Edinburgh to travel to London, Scotland and England. "The (Union of the Crowns) era has begun. This name means that the two countries are still independent kingdoms, but the monarchs of the Stuart family are the kings. The two countries still have their own parliaments, laws, military and tax revenues. The only changes were made by the national flags of the two countries: In 1606, King James ordered the combination of the red cross St. George's flag of England on the white cross and the St. Andrew's flag of Scotland's blue-and-white cross, which is the predecessor of the British rice flag today.
After the outbreak of the British Civil War (the struggle between the English parliament and the royalists) in 1642, the Scottish side reached an agreement with the parliamentary forces of England to send a 20,000-strong army to sweep the kings in the northern counties of England in exchange for England accepts Presbyterian sects as state religions, establishes "two-state committees" to participate in England's politics, and bears Scottish military spending. In May 1646, King Charles I fled to the north and surrendered to the Scottish Army in Newcastle. Scotland then filed a £700,000 bill with England for the cost of evacuating England and surrendering Charles I. After bargaining, the Scottish side agreed to accept £200,000 in cash and receive another £200,000 in two years, then handed Charles I, also the Scots' own king, to Cromwell's army. At that time, there were two jingles in the UK: "The Scots were black and liver, and they sold the king for copper coins." The Cromwell army executed King Charles I, and today the British three armed forces have the royal title of the navy and air force, but the army does not. the reason.
In 1649, the execution of Charles I was angered by the Scottish side, and the "protection of the country" regime established by Cromwell made Scotland not hesitate to fight. Scotland opposes the establishment of a republican system and strongly supports the king's power and legitimacy because they want to maintain the throne of England by a Scottish royal family. At the invitation of the Scots, the young Charles II left France by boat in the spring of 1650, landed in Edinburgh, and accepted the "National Vows" that supported the Scottish Presbyterian Church and became the King of Scotland. Cromwell immediately marched north, defeated the Scottish army, and placed Scotland under the military occupation of General George Munch. For the next six years, Scotland lost its status as an independent kingdom.
At the beginning of 1660, General Munch, who guarded Scotland, led his troops south, took control of the parliament, and then negotiated with Charles II (the eldest son of Charles I) in exile. In May of that year, the Stuart dynasty announced the restoration. During the Civil War, the Scottish anti-protection leader, Marquis de Argyle, who had worked with Cromwell, went to London to meet the king, but was arrested and sent back to Scotland for trial by local nobility and people, and was beheaded for treason. Charles II subsequently restored the independence of the Kingdom of Scotland.
The pinnacle of Scotland: the United Kingdom of Great Britain
In 1688, the Catholic James II (the younger brother of Charles II) was overthrown by the "Glorious Revolution", his daughter Mary Stuart (note that Mary Stuart is different from above) and her husband, The Dutch Regent William Orange was greeted as the King and Queen of England. The Scots accepted the new regime without rebellion, but the uprising occurred in the highlands of the north: the Campbells, the most powerful locals, supported the coup, so the clan that was hostile to it chose to support the deposed King James. The uprising was quickly suppressed.
In 1701, the British passed the "Roman Succession Law", depriving James II and his descendants of the right to inherit the British throne, and stipulated the son of James I, the son of Hanover's wife, Sophia (the George I of the Hanoverian dynasty) He is the heir to the throne. The Scottish Parliament was tit for tat, and in 1703 passed the "Public Security Regulations" against the Hanoverian royal family's inheritance rights. At this time, the United Kingdom is in a crucial period of engagement with King Louis XIV. If Scotland embraces other families after Queen Anne's death, the hostility of the two countries in the Middle Ages may be revived. In 1704, the British Parliament launched a counterattack, stipulating the importation of all goods from Scotland before the Scottish Parliament accepted the inheritance rights of the Hanover family. At the same time, the British army also moved to the north, and the war seemed to happen at any time. However, the British ruling Whig Party took more effective measures: successful bribery of the Scottish aristocracy and parliament.
Thus, in 1706, the Scottish Parliament approved the Merger Regulations in 1707, and the two countries formally merged into one country called the Kingdom of Great Britain. The parliament in England and Scotland is one and the two countries use the same currency (previously Scotland has its own currency, 12 pounds equals 1 pound). The two nationals enjoy common citizenship and the Scots can trade freely with England and its colonies. .
One of the main reasons why Scotland agreed to merge with the UK is economic: in the last few years of the end of the seventeenth century, trade between Scotland and France and the Baltic countries was severely shrunk, coupled with a poor domestic harvest, so it was called "the ridiculous seven years." ". In order to revitalize the economy, the Scottish Parliament created the Bank of Scotland and established the "African and Far East Scottish Trading Company" modeled on the model of the British East India Company. The Scottish company is preparing to establish a colony in Darien Bay in the Isthmus of Panama, controlling the business that leads to Asia, and has raised a lot of capital for investors including aristocrats, parliamentarians, landlords, nostalgia, local officials, businessmen, captains, doctors, etc. A total of 400,000 pounds was raised, accounting for almost a quarter to a half of the total cash flow in Scotland at the time. But the colony built by the colonists, "New Edinburgh," was quickly destroyed by the Spanish army, and with tropical diseases, only a few hundred of the 2,500 settlers returned to Scotland. After the failure of the Darien plan, the Scottish company also ended in bankruptcy.
Under the 1707 Act, the Scots who invested in the company received a compensation of 398,085 pounds and 10 shillings. The Scottish poet Robert Burns angrily called the money "the price of selling Scotland."
In the colonial competition of the seventeenth century, Scotland failed, and since then it has officially merged with England into a country.
In the colonial competition of the seventeenth century, Scotland failed, and since then it has officially merged with England into a country.
But for Scotland, where the country is weak and sparsely populated - only 1 million in 1707 - the merger with England has brought unprecedented opportunities for growth. England in the eighteenth century is a country that is booming and its national strength is constantly rising. Scottish-born economist Adam Smith commented, "After joining England, the middle class and the lower class in Scotland got rid of the aristocrats who oppressed them in the past." Historian Jonathan Israel also believes that the United Kingdom after the merger has provided "a politically and economically decisive catalyst for Scotland", and that aspiring Scots have the opportunity to invest in a wealthy and rapidly expanding capacity. The global empire, and its growing trade.
The merger with the UK also promoted the cultural enlightenment and revival of Scotland. Churchill said in the History of English Nationalities, "Scottish thought and literature developed in the second half of the 18th century, with the emergence of the philosopher David Hume, the economist Adam Smith and the historian William Robertson. There is also Robert Burns and the great Sir Walter Scott. There is no doubt that the peace, prosperity and sense of responsibility brought about by the merger of the two countries contribute to the flourishing development of (Scotland) thought and literature. Vaguely visible. On the other hand, the Scots have made many contributions to the establishment of the British Empire. In the Victorian era, most of Britain's most famous explorers were Scots; between 1885-1939, nearly one-third of the British colonial governors were also Scots. Aberdeen, Abu Kang, Brisbane, Dundee, Hamilton, Perth, Stirling and other places abound in the Americas and Oceania. Blantel, the largest city in the African country of Malawi, was named after the explorer Livingstone in Scotland, and a city in Zambia was named Livingstone.
The tradition of the Scots, especially the Highlanders, was a heroic and good warfare, and it also contributed to the establishment of the British Empire. Scottish forces such as Black Watch, The Scots Guards, Argyll and Sutherland Highlands participated in countless battles in the British Empire: the "Peninsula Battle" in the Napoleonic Wars; Crimea The famous "fine red line" in the battle; the Boer War; the Battle of the Marne and the Battle of Ypres in World War I; the Battle of Alamein in World War II, the Battle of Burma, the Battle of Sicily, the Battle of Mount Cassino... From 1707 to 1947 In the year, as long as the flag is flying, you can see the Scottish soldiers wearing plaid skirts and hear the flute of the Scottish bagpipes.
The clan of the Scottish Highlands had twice reneged in 1715 and 1745 to support the descendants of James II. After the rebellion was suppressed, the Scottish clan system was also disintegrated. The chiefs who participated in the rebellion were all replaced, and the chiefs of all clan were converted into landlords. Tribal courts, tribal costumes, and even bagpipes (classified as "war equipment") were once banned. After the chieftain became the landlord, he began to expel the tenants and changed the land to a sheep farm. A large number of Scots who lost their land immigrated to the Americas or flooded into new industrial cities like Glasgow. In a few generations, Scotland has jumped from the tribal stage to capitalism.
The first thing that started in Scotland was the cotton textile industry. When the industry declined due to the outbreak of the American Civil War (when the southern United States supplied 90% of the cotton needed for the British factory, coal and steel companies rose. The world’s first The successful operation of the commercial railway between Lakeland and Kirk in Tirol in Scotland. The emergence of the railway can be regarded as the "second industrial revolution" after the steam engine, which marks the beginning of modern heavy industry. The stimulus, Scotland's coal, steel, railway, machinery manufacturing and shipbuilding industries also began to grow rapidly.
Since the mid-nineteenth century, there have been row upon row of shipyards on the banks of the Clyde River west of Glasgow in the Scottish Industrial Centre. They built tonnage in half of the British merchant ships in 1840-1870. Like John Brown Shipyard, William Beardmore Shipyard and Fafield Shipyard are among the best in the UK. In the first half of the twentieth century, "Clydebuilt" was almost synonymous with "good quality" in the shipbuilding industry. From 1905 to 1945, about a quarter of the Royal Navy's main ships were built by the three shipyards (16 of the 55 battleships and battleships, and 3 of the 15 fleets). In addition, John Brown Shipyard built a number of giant luxury cruise ships. The Beardmore shipyard began producing locomotives, cars and aircraft after World War I. Yarrow Company developed into the world's top marine boiler manufacturer.
By 1911, Scotland had a population of 4.76 million (the population of England was 33.56 million), and its industry and economy were far more developed than Ireland with a population of 3.18 million. In general, the revitalization of Scottish industry and the economy is due to the 1707 merger bill, which not only gave Scotland the opportunity to participate in British politics on an equal footing - the Irish never had this opportunity - and in one After half a century after the industrial revolution flourished, it opened up the global market for cotton, steel and other products made in Scotland. In addition, a large part of the huge wealth and capital that the British Empire gained in global trade flowed into Scotland and directly led to the economic explosion in Scotland after the mid-19th century.
On November 9, 2004, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom condolences to the Argyll and Sutherland Highlands who participated in the Iraq War. The officers of the regiment took a photo with the Queen wearing a traditional kilt.
Stolen Skeleton: The Revival of Scottish Nationalism
On the eve of the outbreak of the First World War, British Prime Minister Asquith had supported local autonomy in Ireland and Scotland, which eventually turned them into the same self-governing bodies as Canada and Australia. However, this plan will be implemented in the future and will break out in the first war. This war has had a big impact on Scotland: 690,000 of the 4.8 million Scots are on the front line, which is 1.5 times that of the English, of which 74,000 are killed or sick, 150,000 Injury (on the other hand, after the brutal Battle of the Somme, the then British commander-in-chief, Douglas Hague, was hailed by British soldiers as "God sent to clear the Englishman's Scottish Donkey." Scotland is also the British Empire in war. A large number of warships, ships, machines, food (especially squid) and funds are provided.
After the end of World War I, the Scottish economy was once in a depression, and only the whisky brewing industry was still thriving. Nearly one in ten Scots immigrated overseas between 1921 and 1931. At the same time, Scottish nationalism, which emphasizes the traditional culture and national identity of the Scots, has re-emerged. The Scottish National Party, founded in 1934 by John McCormick and Douglas Young, is the representative of this group. On Christmas Eve 1950, a group of Scottish students sneaked into Westminster Abbey, stealing the symbol of the Scottish kingdom, "Skangshi", from under the crown of King Edward's crown, transporting it to Scotland, hiding in Abro. In the ruins of the monastery.
Since the 1960s, the emerging industrial countries of Asia have risen rapidly, and Scotland has experienced industrial transfer like other industrial countries in Western Europe. Heavy industrial enterprises such as textile, railway, chemical, and shipbuilding, which were originally developed in Scotland, have been closed down or merged. This trend has become more apparent since the 1970s. On the other hand, a large amount of oil was discovered in the North Sea region in the late 1970s. Some Scots thought it was a wealth that God gave to Scotland and should not be shared with the London government. In this context, Scotland held a referendum in 1979 whether it left the United Kingdom. Although the result of the vote was 52:48 to support independence, the result of the referendum was declared invalid because the voter turnout did not exceed 40% of the total voting population.
In September 1997, Scotland held its second referendum on the establishment of the Scottish Parliament, with 74.3% of the votes cast and 44.87% of the voting population. According to the results of this vote, the British Parliament passed the Scottish Act 1998. After 290 years, the Scottish Parliament was re-established and it was stipulated that it could formulate its own tax, law, education, medical care, and within the scope of English law. New laws on welfare and other aspects. At the same time, it also formed the Scottish government responsible to the Parliament, in charge of education, health, culture, environment, energy, tourism, transportation and other matters. The highest official in charge of this government is called the "Chief Minister of Scotland."
In general, Scottish nationalists belong to a more moderate group in the world nationalist movement. The highest goal they pursue is an independent, complete Scottish country - most likely to be restored to 1603-1707. Sharing the state of the "dymous union" with the British. When propagating for the independence movement, they mainly emphasized not the historical grievances with England, but the damage to Scottish rights by the current British political parties and parliaments, and the promises of good vision after independence. But for the Scots, the common memory of the United Kingdom for more than three hundred years is not a historical legacy that is easily abandoned.
From the standpoint of the royal family, the kings of the Hanoverian dynasty had a colder attitude toward Scotland, but since Queen Victoria, the British royal family began to deliberately emphasize the influence of Scottish culture. The royal family members often wear tweed skirts to Balmoral, Scotland. The castle is summer and hunting, and King George V and King George VI often visit places such as Glasgow. The mother of Elizabeth II is a descendant of the Scottish Earl of Boss-Leon.
On the other hand, the direct descendants of the Stuart dynasty have long since become extinct, and the "Scottish throne inheritance" claimed by the James II faction now belongs to the Duke of Franz Wettersbach in Bavaria.
Although Scotland does not necessarily retain the monarchy after independence, if you let most Scots choose a monarch, Queen Elizabeth, who has Scottish descent, is loyal to Scottish traditions, and is good at the Scottish people, is definitely better than an 80-year-old. The old Duke of Germany, and I am afraid it will be better than most Scottish politicians with a slippery head.
Source: Economic Observer Book Review
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